APA Style Guide

Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed., 2001

APA requires a hanging indent for its citations.  Also, PLEASE BE SURE TO DOUBLE SPACE CITATIONS. For space saving reasons, the citations below are single spaced.  APA requires double spacing of citations.  For in text citations please see: http://www.libs.uga.edu/ref/apastyle.html.  If your source does not appear on this sheet, consult the APA guide available in the ARC Writing Center or on Reserve at the Reference Desk.

Books

Typical book entry - single author
 
Arnheim, R. (1971). Art and visual perception. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Publishing information: Spell out the publishing names of associations and university presses, but omit superfluous terms such as "Publishers," "Co.," or "Inc."  If two or more locations are given, give the location listed first or the publisher's home office.  When the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in the university name, do not repeat the name of the state/province in the publisher location.  When the author and publisher are identical, use the word "Author" as the name of the publisher.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Multiple authors
 
When a work has up to (and including) six authors, cite all authors.  When a work has more than six authors, cite the first six followed by "et al."

Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., Peterson, R., et.al. (1967). Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA:   Harvard University Press.

Corporate authorship
 
Institute of Financial Education. (1982). Managing personal funds. Chicago: Midwestern.

No author identified
 
Experimental psychology. (1938). New York: Holt.

Citing items in an anthology/chapter in edited book

Rubenstein, J.P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B.F. Kane (Ed.), Television and juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York: American Psychological Society.

Reprinted or republished chapter

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the completepsychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

Following the entry, enclose "Original work published" in parentheses, noting the original date.

Chapter in a volume in a series
 
Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P.H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E.M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.

Citing multivolume works
 
Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.

In listing a multivolume work, the publication dates should be inclusive for all volumes.  The volumes should be identified, in parentheses, immediately following the book title.  Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information; close the entire title, including the volume information, with a period.

Edited collections
 
Higgins, J. (Ed.). (1988). Psychology. New York: Norton.
 
or
 
Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Early language development. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Citing specific editions of a book
 
Brockett, O. (1987). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Immediately after the book's title, note the edition information in parentheses (for example, "5th ed." or "Rev. ed."). Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information.

Journals

Citing articles in journals with continuous pagination
 
Passons, W. (1967). Predictive validities of the ACT, SAT, and high school grades for first semester GPA and freshman courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 1143-1144.

Citing articles in journals with non-continuous pagination
 
Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3), 178-200.

Because pagination begins anew with each issue of this journal, it is necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.  Note that there is a comma between the issue number and the page numbers, but no comma between the italicized volume number and the issue number.  If the periodical does not use volume numbers, include "pp." before the page numbers so the reader will understand that the numbers refer to pagination.  Use "p." if the source is one page or less in length.

Citing articles in monthly periodicals
 
Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May) "Aerobic writing": a writing practice model. Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

Citing articles in weekly periodicals
 
Kauffmann, S. (1993, October 18). On films: class consciousness. The New Republic, p.30.

Newspaper articles
 
Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. A1,A8.

No author identified
 
Clinton puts 'human face' on health-care plan. (1993, September 16). The New York Times, p. B1.

Reprinted or republished articles
 
Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E. (1988). Professional roles and activities as models for art education. In S. Dobbs (Ed.), Research readings for discipline-based art education. Reston, VA: NAEA. (Reprinted from Studies in Art Education, 19 (1986), 34-39.)

Following the entry, enclose "Reprinted from" in parentheses, noting the original publication information.  Close with a period.

ERIC Documents (Reports available from the Educational Resources Information Center)
 
Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them  (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082)

Other Media

Citing interviews
 
Archer, N. (1993). [Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and Perception]. Journal of Sensory Studies, 21, 211-216.

In this example, the interview lacks a title, so a description of the interview is given in brackets.  If the interview has a title, include the title (without quotation marks) after the year, and then give a further description in brackets if necessary.

Unpublished interviews do not need a reference page entry because they are what the Publication Manual of the APA calls "personal communications" and so "do not provide recoverable data."  Here, the entry consists of the first initial and last name of the interviewee, the type of communication, and the date of the interview.

(N. Archer, personal interview, October 11, 1993)

Citing films or videotapes
 
[Motion picture] replaces Film and Videotape as a bracketed descriptor.

Weir, P.B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (1992). Levels of consciousness [Motion picture]. Boston, MA: Filmways.

Here, the main people responsible for the videotape are given, with their roles identified in parentheses after their names.  After the title, the medium is identified (here, a motion picture).  The distributor's name and location comprises the last part of the entry.

Electronic Information

The type of medium can be, but is not limited to the following: aggregated databases, online journals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgoups, Web- or e-mail based discussion groups or Web or e-mail based newsletters.  Pagination in electronic references is unavailable in many cases, thus left out of the citation.  The APA Manual has a short section demonstrating the format for electronic references on pp. 268-281.  For other examples, visit http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

Internet Sites

Article in an Internet-only journal

Kawasaki, J. L., & Raven, M.R. (1995). Computer-administered surveys in extension. Journal of Extension, 33, 252-255. Retrieved June 2, 1999, from http://joe.org/joe/index.html.

Internet technical or research reports
 
University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000, from the Robert Wood Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare

Government Document

Main government agency that released article. (Date of original source). Article title. URL article retrieved from. Retrieved [month day, year] from [database name] database.

Georgia Geological Survey. (2001). Geology of Oligocene, Miocene, and younger deposits in the coastal area of Georgia. Retrieved May 25, 2004 from Georgia Government Publications database.

Full-text article in GALILEO

Author, Initial. (date of original source). Article title. Original Source of Article, Retrieved [month day, year] from [database name] database.
Liss, N.J. (2003, November/December). What we talk about when we talk about social studies. Social Studies, 94(6), 245-250. Retrieved September 25, 2004 from Academic Search Premier database.  

Entry from full-text books in GALILEO

Ford Motor Company (1998). In Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved April 11,
2002 from GALILEO, Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

NETLibrary

Austen, Jane. (1992). Pride and Prejudice. Philadelphia: Courage Books. Retrieved June 30, 2002 from GALILEO, Net Library.

Literature Resource Center - GaleNet Databases

"Saul Bellow." Contemporary Authors. 1999 Gale Group Databases. Macon State College Library. Macon, GA. 10 Apr. 2002 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/maco12153>
Eisinger, Chester E. "Herzog: Overview." Reference Guide to American Literature, 3rd ed. 1994.  Literature Resource Center. Gale Group Databases. Macon State College Library, Macon, GA 10 Mar. 2002 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/maco12153>
Edgecombe, Rodney.  "Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard."  The Explicator 59 (2002) : 76+.  Literature Resource Center.  Gale Group Databases. Macon State College Library.  4 Nov. 2004  <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/maco12153>
CQ Researcher Plus Archive
Author [Last Name, Initial]. (Year, Month Day). Title of report [Capitalize first letter of first word and all proper nouns]. The CQ Researcher Online, Volume Number, Page Range. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL. Document ID: cqresrreYYYYMMDD [ID located at end of URL].

Hatch, D. (2003, June 6). Drug company ethics. The CQ Researcher Online, 13, 521-544. Retrieved July 4, 2003, from http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2003060600. Document ID: cqresrre2003060600.


Project MUSE

Grady, Frank. (2003). Arnoldian Humanism, or Amnesia and Autobiography in the Schwarzengger Action Film. Cinema Journal, 42(2), 41-45. Retrieved September 4, 2004 from Project MUSE database.